Allen Newell
Allen Newell, (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992)
was a American researcher in computer science and pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence and chess software [2] at the Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1958, Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon developed the chess program NSS [3]. It was written in a high-level language. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon were co-inventors of the alpha-beta algorithm, which was independently approximated or invented by John McCarthy, Arthur Samuel and Alexander Brudno [4]. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon received the Turing Award in 1975. Two of Allen Newell's students, Hans Berliner and James Gillogly became computer chess researchers and authors of famous chess computers.
Photos
In the late 1950s, Carnegie Mellon University researchers Allen Newell (r) and Herbert Simon (l),
together with Cliff Shaw (not shown) at the RAND Corporation, were early pioneers in the field of
artificial intelligence and chess software. The NSS program ran on the Johnniac computer ... [5]
Quotes
Quote by John McCarthy from Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955 on the Dartmouth workshop:
Chess programs catch some of the human chess playing abilities but rely on the limited effective branching of the chess move tree. The ideas that work for chess are inadequate for go. Alpha-beta pruning characterizes human play, but it wasn't noticed by early chess programmers - Turing, Shannon, Pasta and Ulam, and Bernstein. We humans are not very good at identifying the heuristics we ourselves use. Approximations to alpha-beta used by Samuel, Newell and Simon, McCarthy. Proved equivalent to minimax by Hart and Levin, independently by Brudno. Knuth gives details.
See also
Selected Publications
1955 ...
- Allen Newell (1955). The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation. Proceedings Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 101-108. Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium
- Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1956). The logic theory machine-A complex information processing system. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 2, No. 3
- Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (1958). Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in Computers and Thought (eds. Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. pdf
- Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (1959). Report on a general problem-solving program. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, pp. 256-264 [8]
1960 ...
- Allen Newell, Fred M. Tonge (1960). An Introduction to Information Processing Language V. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 3, No 4 [9]
- Allen Newell, N. S. Prasad (1963). IPL-V Chess Position Program. Internal Memo No. 63, Carnegie Mellon University
- Allen Newell (1963). Learning, Generality and Problem Solving. Memorandum RM-3285-1-PR pdf
- Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1965). An Example of Human Chess Play in Light of Chess Playing Programs. In Norbert Wiener, J. P. Schadé (eds.) Progress in Biocybernetics. Vol. 2, Elsevier
1970 ...
- Gordon Bell, Allen Newell (1971). Computer Structures: Readings and Examples. McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070043572, amazon
- Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1972). Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall
- Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1976). Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM Turing Award Lecture, pdf from The Computer History Museum [10]
1980 ...
- Allen Newell (1980). Physical Symbol Systems. Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 2
- Allen Newell (1982). The Knowledge Level. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 18, No. 1
- John E. Laird, Paul S. Rosenbloom, Allen Newell (1984). Towards Chunking as a General Learning Mechanism. AAAI 1984
- John E. Laird, Allen Newell, Paul S. Rosenbloom (1987). SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 33, No. 1
1990 ...
- Allen Newell (1990). Unified Theories of Cognition. Harvard University Press
- Hans Berliner (1992). Allen Newell 1927-1992, In Memoriam. ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3
- Adriaan de Groot (1992). Allen Newell: An Adieu. ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3
- John E. Laird, Paul S. Rosenbloom (1992). In Pursuit of Mind: The Research of Allen Newell. AI Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 4
2000 ...
- Pamela McCorduck (2004). Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence. A. K. Peters (25th anniversary edition)
External Links
References
- ↑ Allen Newell Collection
- ↑ Allen Newell (1955). The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation. Proceedings Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 101-108.
- ↑ Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (1958). Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in Computers and Thought (eds. Edward A. Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., pdf
- ↑ John McCarthy Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955
- ↑ Aritificial Intelligence pioneers Allen Newell (right) and Herbert Simon 1958 Courtesy of Carnegie Mellon University, The Computer History Museum
- ↑ ICGA Reference Database
- ↑ dblp: Allen Newell
- ↑ General Problem Solver from Wikipedia
- ↑ Information Processing Language - Wikipedia
- ↑ Physical symbol system from Wikipedia
